7)HEART RATE IS INCREASED BY

[Editor]

a) a rising intra cranial pressure
b) inspiration
c) assumption of the upright from the lying position
d) adrenaline
e) stimulation of the trigeminal nerve

[Editor]

a]F-cushings reflex,hypertension with compensatory brady cardia with acutely increased ICP.
B] T-sinus arrhythmia,due to activation of pulmonary stretch receptors during inspiration.
C] T-due to vasomotor center stimulation by baroreceptors.
D] T
E] ?

[Tonic]

Isn't e) false? Why would the trigeminal nerve have any bearing on heart rate?

[Editor]

A tricky stem hence it's lack of an answer.
Parasympathetic stimulation in the form of it's cranial nerve output does not involve the trigeminal nerve (5). it rather comes from the 3,7,9,10 th cranial nerves.

Clinically having anaesthetised for neurolytic destruction of the trigemnal nerve for severe trigeminal neuralgia i would guess that the answer would be false but for a different reason.
Having a syringe of atropine handy during these proceedures is helpful as direct trigeminal stimulation by the needle or pressure of injected neurolytic agent sometimes causes a severe bradycardia, although i welcome an anotomical explanation for this.

[drvp]

The trigeminocardiac reflex is the sudden-onset of dysrhythmia and hypotension during manipulation of any of the branches of the trigeminal nerve. The trigeminal nerve and cardioinhibitory vagus nerve constitute the afferent and efferent pathway in the reflex arc. The trigeminocardiac reflex has been reported to occur during craniofacial surgery, balloon-compression rhizolysis of trigeminal ganglion, and tumor resection in the cerebellopontine angle. A detailed description of this reflex with it’s anatomic and physiologic aspects and treatment modalities can be found in the following link.

[ http://www.anesthesiology.org/pt/re/anes/fulltext.00000542-199612000-00033.htm;jsessionid=DRyBXKiQB9z2Mo1MID7mOG62A05GF lGCGkMxJAgDvw3bKHoKhCvB!1981085828!-949856144!9001!-1 ]